A confutation of atheism from the origin and frame of the world. Part II a sermon preached at St. Martin's in the Fields, November the 7th, 1692 : being the seventh of the lecture founded by the Honourable Robert Boyle ... / by Richard Bentley ...
WHen we first enter'd upon this Topic, the demonstration of God's Existence from the Origin and Frame of the World, we offer'd to prove four Propositions.
WHen we First entered upon this Topic, the demonstration of God's Existence from the Origin and Frame of the World, we offered to prove four Propositions.
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those dispersed Particles could never of themselves by any kind of Natural motion, whether call'd Fortuitous or Mechanical, have conven'd into this present or any other like Frame of Heaven and Earth.
those dispersed Particles could never of themselves by any kind of Natural motion, whither called Fortuitous or Mechanical, have convened into this present or any other like Frame of Heaven and Earth.
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I. And first as to that ordinary Cant of illiterate and puny Atheists, the fortuitous or casual concourse of Atoms, that compendious and easy Dispatch of the most important and difficult affair, the Formation of a World; (besides that in our next undertaking it will be refuted all along) I shall now briefly dispatch it, from what hath been formerly said concerning the true notions of Fortune and Chance.
I. And First as to that ordinary Cant of illiterate and puny Atheists, the fortuitous or casual concourse of Atoms, that compendious and easy Dispatch of the most important and difficult affair, the Formation of a World; (beside that in our next undertaking it will be refuted all along) I shall now briefly dispatch it, from what hath been formerly said Concerning the true notions of Fortune and Chance.
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But thus to affirm, that the World was made fortuitously, is as much as to say, That before the World was made, there was some Intelligent Agent or Spectator;
But thus to affirm, that the World was made fortuitously, is as much as to say, That before the World was made, there was Some Intelligent Agent or Spectator;
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who designing to do something else, or expecting that something else would be done with the Materials of the World, there were some occult and unknown motions and tendencies in Matter, which mechanically formed the World beside his design or expectation.
who designing to do something Else, or expecting that something Else would be done with the Materials of the World, there were Some occult and unknown motions and tendencies in Matter, which mechanically formed the World beside his Design or expectation.
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yet, unless they will affirm that the Intelligent Agent did dispose and direct the inanimate Matter, (which is what we would bring them to) they must still leave their Atoms to their mechanical Affections;
yet, unless they will affirm that the Intelligent Agent did dispose and Direct the inanimate Matter, (which is what we would bring them to) they must still leave their Atoms to their mechanical Affections;
which properly signifies, That all events called Casual, among inanimate Bodies, are mechanically and naturally produced according to the determinate figures and textures and motions of those Bodies;
which properly signifies, That all events called Casual, among inanimate Bodies, Are mechanically and naturally produced according to the determinate figures and textures and motions of those Bodies;
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with this negation only, That those inanimate Bodies are not conscious of their own operations, nor contrive and cast about how to bring such events to pass.
with this negation only, That those inanimate Bodies Are not conscious of their own operations, nor contrive and cast about how to bring such events to pass.
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So that thus to say, that the World was made casually by the concourse of Atoms, is no more than to affirm, that the Atoms composed the World mechanically and fatally;
So that thus to say, that the World was made casually by the concourse of Atoms, is no more than to affirm, that the Atoms composed the World mechanically and fatally;
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and if they formed it mechanically without perception and design, they formed it casually. So that this negation of Consciousness being all that the notion of Chance can add to that of Mechanism;
and if they formed it mechanically without perception and Design, they formed it casually. So that this negation of Consciousness being all that the notion of Chance can add to that of Mechanism;
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We, that do not dispute this matter with the Atheists, nor believe that Atoms ever acted by Counsel and Thought, may have leave to consider the several names of Fortune and Chance and Nature and Mechanism, as one and the same Hypothesis.
We, that do not dispute this matter with the Atheists, nor believe that Atoms ever acted by Counsel and Thought, may have leave to Consider the several names of Fortune and Chance and Nature and Mechanism, as one and the same Hypothesis.
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Wherefore once for all to overthrow all possible Explications which Atheists have or may assign for the formation of the World, we will undertake to evince this following Proposition:
Wherefore once for all to overthrow all possible Explications which Atheists have or may assign for the formation of the World, we will undertake to evince this following Proposition:
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like the supposed Chaos, could never without a God by their Mechanical affections have convened into this present Frame of Things or any other like it.
like the supposed Chaos, could never without a God by their Mechanical affections have convened into this present Frame of Things or any other like it.
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it will be necessary, in a discourse about the Formation of the World, to give you a brief account of some of the most principal and systematical Phaenomena, that occurr in the World now that it is formed.
it will be necessary, in a discourse about the Formation of the World, to give you a brief account of Some of the most principal and systematical Phaenomena, that occur in the World now that it is formed.
(1.) The most considerable Phaenomenon belonging to Terrestrial Bodies is the general action of Gravitation, whereby All known Bodies in the vicinity of the Earth do tend and press toward its Center;
(1.) The most considerable Phaenomenon belonging to Terrestrial Bodies is the general actium of Gravitation, whereby All known Bodies in the vicinity of the Earth do tend and press towards its Centre;
This hath been demonstrated and experimentally proved beyond contradiction, by several ingenious Persons of the present Age, but by none so perspicuously and copiously and accurately,
This hath been demonstrated and experimentally proved beyond contradiction, by several ingenious Persons of the present Age, but by none so perspicuously and copiously and accurately,
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But it is lately demonstrated and put beyond controversy by that very excellent and divine Theorist Mr. Isaac Newton, to whose most admirable sagacity and industry we shall frequently be obliged in this and the following Discourse.
But it is lately demonstrated and put beyond controversy by that very excellent and divine Theorist Mr. Isaac Newton, to whose most admirable sagacity and industry we shall frequently be obliged in this and the following Discourse.
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but referring the Curious to the Book it self for full satisfaction, I shall now proceed and build upon it as a Truth solidly established, That all Bodies weigh according to their Matter ;
but referring the Curious to the Book it self for full satisfaction, I shall now proceed and built upon it as a Truth solidly established, That all Bodies weigh according to their Matter;
(3.) Now since Gravity is found proportional to the Quantity of Matter, there is a manifest Necessity of admitting a Vacuum, another principal Doctrine of the Atomical Philosophy.
(3.) Now since Gravity is found proportional to the Quantity of Matter, there is a manifest Necessity of admitting a Vacuum, Another principal Doctrine of the Atomical Philosophy.
If it be said, that, though the difference of specifick Gravity may proceed from variety of Texture, the lighter Bodies being of a more loose and porous composition,
If it be said, that, though the difference of specific Gravity may proceed from variety of Texture, the lighter Bodies being of a more lose and porous composition,
and adapting it self to the figure of every Pore, may adequately fill them; and so prevent all Vacuity, without increasing the weight: To this we answer;
and adapting it self to the figure of every Poor, may adequately fill them; and so prevent all Vacuity, without increasing the weight: To this we answer;
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and that (notwithstanding some little objections full of cavil and sophistry) mere and simple Extension or Space hath a quite different nature and notion from real Body and impenetrable Substance.
and that (notwithstanding Some little objections full of cavil and sophistry) mere and simple Extension or Molle hath a quite different nature and notion from real Body and impenetrable Substance.
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By many and accurate Trials it manifestly appears, that Refined Gold, the most ponderous of known Bodies, (though even that must be allowed to be porous too, being dissoluble in Mercury and Aqua Regis and other Chymical Liquors;
By many and accurate Trials it manifestly appears, that Refined Gold, the most ponderous of known Bodies, (though even that must be allowed to be porous too, being dissoluble in Mercury and Aqua Regis and other Chemical Liquors;
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as to touch one another in every Point,) I say, Gold is in specifick weight to common Water as 19 to 1; and Water to common Air as 850 to 1: so that Gold is to Air as 16150 to 1. Whence it clearly appears, seeing Matter and Gravity are always commensurate, that (though we should allow the texture of Gold to be intirely close without any vacuity) the ordinary Air in which we live and respire is of so thin a composition, that 16149 parts of its dimensions are mere emptiness and Nothing;
as to touch one Another in every Point,) I say, Gold is in specific weight to Common Water as 19 to 1; and Water to Common Air as 850 to 1: so that Gold is to Air as 16150 to 1. Whence it clearly appears, seeing Matter and Gravity Are always commensurate, that (though we should allow the texture of Gold to be entirely close without any vacuity) the ordinary Air in which we live and respire is of so thin a composition, that 16149 parts of its dimensions Are mere emptiness and Nothing;
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But if Gold it self be admitted, as it must be, for a porous Concrete, the proportion of Void to Body in the texture of common Air will be so much the greater.
But if Gold it self be admitted, as it must be, for a porous Concrete, the proportion of Void to Body in the texture of Common Air will be so much the greater.
And thus it is in the lowest and densest region of the Air near the surface of the Earth, where the whole Mass of Air is in a state of violent compression, the inferior being press'd and constipated by the weight of all the incumbent.
And thus it is in the lowest and densest region of the Air near the surface of the Earth, where the Whole Mass of Air is in a state of violent compression, the inferior being pressed and constipated by the weight of all the incumbent.
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But, since the Air is now certainly known to consist of elastick or springy Particles, that have a continual tendency and endeavour to expand and display themselves;
But, since the Air is now Certainly known to consist of elastic or springy Particles, that have a continual tendency and endeavour to expand and display themselves;
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So that at the hight of a few miles from the surface of the Earth, it is computed to have some million parts of empty space in its texture for one of solid Matter.
So that At the hight of a few miles from the surface of the Earth, it is computed to have Some million parts of empty Molle in its texture for one of solid Matter.
if a small Sphere of common Air of one Inch Diameter (already 16149 parts Nothing) should be further expanded to the thinness of that Aether, it would more than take up the Vast Orb of Saturn, which is many million million times bigger than the whole Globe of the Earth.
if a small Sphere of Common Air of one Inch Diameter (already 16149 parts Nothing) should be further expanded to the thinness of that Aether, it would more than take up the Vast Orb of Saturn, which is many million million times bigger than the Whole Globe of the Earth.
we shall find, notwithstanding, that the void Space of our System is immensly bigger than all its corporeal Mass. For, to proceed upon our supposition, that all the Matter within the Firmament is 50000 times bigger than the solid Globe of the Earth;
we shall find, notwithstanding, that the void Molle of our System is immensely bigger than all its corporeal Mass. For, to proceed upon our supposition, that all the Matter within the Firmament is 50000 times bigger than the solid Globe of the Earth;
if we assume the Diameter of the Orbis Magnus (wherein the Earth moves about the Sun) to be only 7000 times as big as the Diameter of the Earth (though the latest and most accurate Observations make it thrice 7000) and the Diameter of the Firmament to be only 100000 times as long as the Diameter of the Orbis Magnus (though it cannot possibly be less than that,
if we assume the Diameter of the Orbis Magnus (wherein the Earth moves about the Sun) to be only 7000 times as big as the Diameter of the Earth (though the latest and most accurate Observations make it thrice 7000) and the Diameter of the Firmament to be only 100000 times as long as the Diameter of the Orbis Magnus (though it cannot possibly be less than that,
but may be vastly and unspeakably bigger) we must pronounce, after such large concessions on that side and such great abatements on ours, That the Summ of Empty Spaces within the Concave of the Firmament is 6860 million million million times bigger than All the Matter contain'd in it.
but may be vastly and unspeakably bigger) we must pronounce, After such large concessions on that side and such great abatements on ours, That the Sum of Empty Spaces within the Concave of the Firmament is 6860 million million million times bigger than All the Matter contained in it.
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we will assume this reasonable supposition, That the same proportion of Void Space to Matter, which is found in our Sun's Region within the Sphere of the Fixt Starrs, may competently well hold in the whole Mundane Space.
we will assume this reasonable supposition, That the same proportion of Void Molle to Matter, which is found in our Sun's Region within the Sphere of the Fixed Stars, may competently well hold in the Whole Mundane Molle.
we may safely affirm from certain and demonstrated Principles, That the empty Space of our Solar Region (comprehending half of the Diameter of the Firmament) is 8575 hundred thousand million million times more ample than all the corporeal substance in it.
we may safely affirm from certain and demonstrated Principles, That the empty Molle of our Solar Region (comprehending half of the Diameter of the Firmament) is 8575 hundred thousand million million times more ample than all the corporeal substance in it.
they must suppose, that either All the Matter of our System was evenly or well-nigh evenly diffused through the Region of the Sun, this would represent a particular Chaos:
they must suppose, that either All the Matter of our System was evenly or well-nigh evenly diffused through the Region of the Sun, this would represent a particular Chaos:
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(3.) It is evident from what we have newly proved, that in the Supposition of such a Chaos or such an even diffusion either of the whole Mundane Matter or that of our System (for it matters not which they assume) every single Particle would have a Sphere of Void Space around it 8575 hundred thousand million million times bigger than the dimensions of that Particle.
(3.) It is evident from what we have newly proved, that in the Supposition of such a Chaos or such an even diffusion either of the Whole Mundane Matter or that of our System (for it matters not which they assume) every single Particle would have a Sphere of Void Molle around it 8575 hundred thousand million million times bigger than the dimensions of that Particle.
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From whence it appears, that every Particle (supposing them globular or not very oblong) would be above Nine Million times their own length from any other Particle.
From whence it appears, that every Particle (supposing them globular or not very oblong) would be above Nine Million times their own length from any other Particle.
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And moreover in the whole Surface of this Void sphere there can only Twelve Particles be evenly placed (as the Hypothesis requires) that is, at equal Distances from the Central one and each other.
And moreover in the Whole Surface of this Void sphere there can only Twelve Particles be evenly placed (as the Hypothesis requires) that is, At equal Distances from the Central one and each other.
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Either by the Common Motion of Matter, proceeding from external Impulse and Conflict (without attraction) by which every Body moves uniformly in a direct line according to the determination of the impelling force.
Either by the Common Motion of Matter, proceeding from external Impulse and Conflict (without attraction) by which every Body moves uniformly in a Direct line according to the determination of the impelling force.
whereby the Atoms might be thrust and crowded to the middle of those Whirlpools, and there constipate one another into great solid Globes, such as now appear in the World.
whereby the Atoms might be thrust and crowded to the middle of those Whirlpools, and there constipate one Another into great solid Globes, such as now appear in the World.
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For they may assert, that Matter hath inherently and essentially such an intrinseck energy, whereby it incessantly tends to unite it self to all other Matter:
For they may assert, that Matter hath inherently and essentially such an intrinsic energy, whereby it incessantly tends to unite it self to all other Matter:
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so that several Particles placed in a Void space at any distance whatsoever would without any external impulse spontaneously convene and unite together.
so that several Particles placed in a Void Molle At any distance whatsoever would without any external impulse spontaneously convene and unite together.
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And thus the Atoms of the Chaos, though never so widely diffused, might by this innate property of Attraction soon assemble themselves into great sphaerical Masses,
And thus the Atoms of the Chaos, though never so widely diffused, might by this innate property of Attraction soon assemble themselves into great spherical Masses,
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For as to the Epicurean Theory, of Atoms descending down an infinite space by an inherent principle of Gravitation, which tends not toward other Matter,
For as to the Epicurean Theory, of Atoms descending down an infinite Molle by an inherent principle of Gravitation, which tends not towards other Matter,
'tis such miserable absurd stuff, so repugnant to it self, and so contrary to the known Phaenomena of Nature (yet it contented supine unthinking Atheists for a thousand years together) that we will not now honour it with a special refutation.
it's such miserable absurd stuff, so repugnant to it self, and so contrary to the known Phaenomena of Nature (yet it contented supine unthinking Atheists for a thousand Years together) that we will not now honour it with a special refutation.
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or if they could form it, it could neither acquire such Motions, nor continue permanent in this state, without the Power and Providence of a Divine Being.
or if they could from it, it could neither acquire such Motions, nor continue permanent in this state, without the Power and Providence of a Divine Being.
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Any man, that considers the spacious void Intervals of the Chaos, how immense they are in proportion to the bulk of the Atoms, will hardly induce himself to believe, that Particles so widely disseminated could ever throng and crowd one another into a close and compact texture.
Any man, that considers the spacious void Intervals of the Chaos, how immense they Are in proportion to the bulk of the Atoms, will hardly induce himself to believe, that Particles so widely disseminated could ever throng and crowd one Another into a close and compact texture.
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some of whose Particles upon this supposition must have travell'd many millions of Leagues through the gloomy regions of Chaos, to place themselves where they now are.
Some of whose Particles upon this supposition must have traveled many millions of Leagues through the gloomy regions of Chaos, to place themselves where they now Are.
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But then how rarely would there be any clashing at all? how very rarely in comparison to the number of Atoms? The whole multitude of them, generally speaking, might freely move and rove for ever with very little occurring or interfering.
But then how rarely would there be any clashing At all? how very rarely in comparison to the number of Atoms? The Whole multitude of them, generally speaking, might freely move and rove for ever with very little occurring or interfering.
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Let us suppose two Ships, fitted with durable Timber and Rigging, but without Pilot or Mariners, to be placed in the vast Atlantick or the Pacifique Ocean,
Let us suppose two Ships, fitted with durable Timber and Rigging, but without Pilot or Mariners, to be placed in the vast Atlantic or the Pacific Ocean,
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How many thousand years might expire, before those solitary Vessels should happen to strike one against the other? But let us imagin the Space yet more ample,
How many thousand Years might expire, before those solitary Vessels should happen to strike one against the other? But let us imagine the Molle yet more ample,
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might not they now move long enough without any danger of clashing? And yet I find, that the two nearest Atoms in our evenly diffused Chaos have ten thousand times less proportion to the two Void circular Planes around them,
might not they now move long enough without any danger of clashing? And yet I find, that the two nearest Atoms in our evenly diffused Chaos have ten thousand times less proportion to the two Void circular Planes around them,
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Is it not now utterly incredible, that our two Vessels, placed there Antipodes to each other, should ever happen to concur? And yet let me add, that the Ships would move in one and the same Surface;
Is it not now utterly incredible, that our two Vessels, placed there Antipodes to each other, should ever happen to concur? And yet let me add, that the Ships would move in one and the same Surface;
vbz pn31 xx av av-j j, cst po12 crd n2, vvn a-acp n2 p-acp d n-jn, vmd av vvi pc-acp vvi? cc av vvb pno11 vvi, cst dt n2 vmd vvi p-acp crd cc dt d n1;
but the Atoms may not only fly side-ways, but over likewise and under each other: which makes it many million times more improbable, that they should interfere than the Ships,
but the Atoms may not only fly sideways, but over likewise and under each other: which makes it many million times more improbable, that they should interfere than the Ships,
cc-acp dt n2 vmb xx av-j vvi av, cc-acp p-acp av cc p-acp d n-jn: r-crq vvz pn31 d crd n2 av-dc j, cst pns32 vmd vvi cs dt n2,
yet in an infinite Succession of them may not such a Combination possibly happen? But let them consider, that the improbability of Casual Hits is never diminished by repetition of Trials;
yet in an infinite Succession of them may not such a Combination possibly happen? But let them Consider, that the improbability of Casual Hits is never diminished by repetition of Trials;
yet it's absolutely impossible, that those Masses should acquire such revolutions about the Sun. Let us suppose any one of those Masses to be the Present Earth.
yet it's absolutely impossible, that those Masses should acquire such revolutions about the Sun. Let us suppose any one of those Masses to be the Present Earth.
av pn31|vbz av-j j, cst d n2 vmd vvi d n2 p-acp dt n1 vvb pno12 vvi d crd pp-f d n2 pc-acp vbi dt j n1.
Now the annual Revolution of the Earth must proceed (in this Hypothesis) either from the Summ and Result of the several motions of all the Particles that formed the Earth, or from a new Impulse from some external Matter, after it was formed.
Now the annual Revolution of the Earth must proceed (in this Hypothesis) either from the Sum and Result of the several motions of all the Particles that formed the Earth, or from a new Impulse from Some external Matter, After it was formed.
av dt j n1 pp-f dt n1 vmb vvi (p-acp d n1) d p-acp dt n1 cc n1 pp-f dt j n2 pp-f d dt n2 cst vvd dt n1, cc p-acp dt j n1 p-acp d j n1, c-acp pn31 vbds vvn.
But this is refuted from what we have shewn above, that those Spaces of the Aether may be reckon'd a mere Void, the whole Quantity of their Matter scarce amounting to the weight of a Grain.
But this is refuted from what we have shown above, that those Spaces of the Aether may be reckoned a mere Void, the Whole Quantity of their Matter scarce amounting to the weight of a Grain.
and there are observed to move, some in quite contrary courses to Theirs, and some in cross and oblique ones, in Planes inclined to the Plane of the Ecliptick in all kinds of Angles:
and there Are observed to move, Some in quite contrary courses to Theirs, and Some in cross and oblique ones, in Planes inclined to the Plane of the Ecliptic in all Kinds of Angles:
cc pc-acp vbr vvn pc-acp vvi, d p-acp av j-jn n2 pc-acp png32, cc d p-acp n1 cc j pi2, p-acp n2 vvn p-acp dt n1 pp-f dt j-jn p-acp d n2 pp-f n2:
nor bends in a Circle (which is a continual reflexion) unless either by some external Impulse, that may divert it from the direct motion, or by an intrinsec Principle of Gravity or Attraction, that may make it describe a curve line about the attracting Body.
nor bends in a Circle (which is a continual reflection) unless either by Some external Impulse, that may divert it from the Direct motion, or by an intrinsec Principle of Gravity or Attraction, that may make it describe a curve line about the attracting Body.
otherwise they would certainly fly out in Spiral Lines to the very circumference of the Vortex. But we have often inculcated, that the wide Tracts of the Aether may be reputed as a mere extended Void.
otherwise they would Certainly fly out in Spirae Lines to the very circumference of the Vortex. But we have often inculcated, that the wide Tracts of the Aether may be reputed as a mere extended Void.
av pns32 vmd av-j vvi av p-acp n1 n2 p-acp dt j n1 pp-f dt n1. cc-acp pns12 vhb av vvn, cst dt j n2 pp-f dt n1 vmb vbi vvn p-acp dt j vvn j.
but they would immediately desert them and the neighbourhood of the Sun, and vanish away in Tangents to their several Circles into the Abyss of Mundane Space.
but they would immediately desert them and the neighbourhood of the Sun, and vanish away in Tangents to their several Circles into the Abyss of Mundane Molle.
cc-acp pns32 vmd av-j vvi pno32 cc dt n1 pp-f dt n1, cc vvb av p-acp n2 p-acp po32 j n2 p-acp dt n1 pp-f j n1.
By Attraction we do not here understand what is improperly, though vulgarly, called so, in the operations of drawing, sucking, pumping, &c. which is really Pulsion and Trusion;
By Attraction we do not Here understand what is improperly, though vulgarly, called so, in the operations of drawing, sucking, pumping, etc. which is really Pulsion and Trusion;
p-acp n1 pns12 vdb xx av vvi r-crq vbz av-j, c-acp av-j, vvd av, p-acp dt n2 pp-f vvg, j-vvg, vvg, av r-crq vbz av-j n1 cc n1;
But we now mean (as we have explain'd it before) such a power and quality, whereby all parcels of Matter would mutually attract or mutually tend and press to all others;
But we now mean (as we have explained it before) such a power and quality, whereby all parcels of Matter would mutually attract or mutually tend and press to all Others;
cc-acp pns12 av vvb (c-acp pns12 vhb vvn pn31 a-acp) d dt n1 cc n1, c-crq d n2 pp-f n1 vmd av-j vvi cc av-j vvi cc vvi p-acp d n2-jn;
and yet had never attracted nor convened before, during that infinite duration: which is so monstrous an absurdity, as even They will blush to be charged with.
and yet had never attracted nor convened before, during that infinite duration: which is so monstrous an absurdity, as even They will blush to be charged with.
cc av vhd av-x vvd ccx vvn p-acp, p-acp cst j n1: r-crq vbz av j dt n1, c-acp av pns32 vmb vvi pc-acp vbi vvn p-acp.
For how is it possible, that the Matter of solid Masses like Earth and Planets and Starrs should fly up from their Centers against its inherent principle of mutual Attraction,
For how is it possible, that the Matter of solid Masses like Earth and Planets and Stars should fly up from their Centers against its inherent principle of mutual Attraction,
'Tis utterly unconceivable, that inanimate brute Matter (without the mediation of some Immaterial Being) should operate upon and affect other Matter without mutual Contact;
It's utterly unconceivable, that inanimate brutus Matter (without the mediation of Some Immaterial Being) should operate upon and affect other Matter without mutual Contact;
that distant Bodies should act upon each other through a Vacuum without the intervention of something else by and through which the action may be conveyed from one to the other.
that distant Bodies should act upon each other through a Vacuum without the intervention of something Else by and through which the actium may be conveyed from one to the other.
cst j n2 vmd vvi p-acp d n-jn p-acp dt fw-la p-acp dt n1 pp-f pi av p-acp cc p-acp r-crq dt n1 vmb vbi vvn p-acp pi p-acp dt n-jn.
'tis an operation or vertue or influence of distant Bodies upon each other through an empty Interval, without any Effluvia or Exhalations or other corporeal Medium to convey and transmit it.
it's an operation or virtue or influence of distant Bodies upon each other through an empty Interval, without any Effluvia or Exhalations or other corporeal Medium to convey and transmit it.
pn31|vbz dt n1 cc n1 cc n1 pp-f j n2 p-acp d n-jn p-acp dt j n1, p-acp d np1 cc n2 cc j-jn j fw-la pc-acp vvi cc vvi pn31.
it is consequently most manifest (seeing it doth not depend upon Motion or Rest or Figure or Position of Parts, which are all the ways that Matter can diversify it self) that it could never supervene to it,
it is consequently most manifest (seeing it does not depend upon Motion or Rest or Figure or Position of Parts, which Are all the ways that Matter can diversify it self) that it could never supervene to it,
pn31 vbz av-j av-ds j (vvg pn31 vdz xx vvi p-acp n1 cc n1 cc n1 cc n1 pp-f n2, r-crq vbr d dt n2 cst n1 vmb vvi pn31 n1) cst pn31 vmd av vvi p-acp pn31,
what if it be made appear, that there is really such a Power of Gravity perpetually acting in the constitution of the present System? This would be a new and invincible Argument for the Being of God:
what if it be made appear, that there is really such a Power of Gravity perpetually acting in the constitution of the present System? This would be a new and invincible Argument for the Being of God:
that the Gravitating power of each of These is exactly proportional to their Matter, and arises from the several Gravitations or Attractions of every individual Particle that compose the whole Mass:
that the Gravitating power of each of These is exactly proportional to their Matter, and arises from the several Gravitations or Attractions of every Individu Particle that compose the Whole Mass:
cst dt j n1 pp-f d pp-f d vbz av-j j p-acp po32 n1, cc vvz p-acp dt j n2 cc n2 pp-f d j-jn n1 cst vvb dt j-jn n1:
that this Ʋniversal Attraction or Gravitation is an incessant, regular and uniform Action by certain and established Laws according to Quantity of Matter and Longitude of Distance:
that this Ʋniversal Attraction or Gravitation is an incessant, regular and uniform Actium by certain and established Laws according to Quantity of Matter and Longitude of Distance:
cst d j n1 cc n1 vbz dt j, j cc j n1 p-acp j cc j-vvn n2 vvg p-acp n1 pp-f n1 cc n1 pp-f n1:
Now how is it possible that these things should be effected by any Material and Mechanical Agent? We have evinced, that mere Matter cannot operate upon Matter without mutual Contact.
Now how is it possible that these things should be effected by any Material and Mechanical Agent? We have evinced, that mere Matter cannot operate upon Matter without mutual Contact.
av q-crq vbz pn31 j cst d n2 vmd vbi vvn p-acp d n-jn cc j n1? pns12 vhb vvn, cst j n1 vmbx vvi p-acp n1 p-acp j n1.
It remains then, that these Phaenomena are produced either by the intervention of Air or Aether or other such medium, that communicates the Impulse from one Body to another;
It remains then, that these Phaenomena Are produced either by the intervention of Air or Aether or other such medium, that communicates the Impulse from one Body to Another;
pn31 vvz av, cst d np1 vbr vvn d p-acp dt n1 pp-f n1 cc np1 cc j-jn d fw-la, cst n2 dt n1 p-acp crd n1 p-acp j-jn;
But what impulse or agitation can be propagated through the Aether from one Particle entombed and wedged in the very Center of the Earth to another in the Center of Saturn? Yet even those two Particles do reciprocally affect each other with the same force and vigour,
But what impulse or agitation can be propagated through the Aether from one Particle entombed and wedged in the very Centre of the Earth to Another in the Centre of Saturn? Yet even those two Particles do reciprocally affect each other with the same force and vigour,
p-acp r-crq n1 cc n1 vmb vbi vvn p-acp dt n1 p-acp crd n1 vvn cc vvn p-acp dt j n1 pp-f dt n1 p-acp j-jn p-acp dt n1 pp-f np1? av av d crd n2 vdb av-j vvi d n-jn p-acp dt d n1 cc n1,
Nay every single Particle of the very Effluvia (seeing they also attract and gravitate) must in this Supposition emit other secondary Effluvia all the World over;
Nay every single Particle of the very Effluvia (seeing they also attract and gravitate) must in this Supposition emit other secondary Effluvia all the World over;
uh-x d j n1 pp-f dt j np1 (vvg pns32 av vvi cc vvi) vmb p-acp d n1 vvi j-jn j np1 d dt n1 a-acp;
and proceeds from a higher principle, a Divine energy and impression. III. Thirdly we affirm; That, though we should allow, that reciprocal Attraction is essential to Matter;
and proceeds from a higher principle, a Divine energy and impression. III. Thirdly we affirm; That, though we should allow, that reciprocal Attraction is essential to Matter;
cc vvz p-acp dt jc n1, dt j-jn zz cc n1. np1. ord pns12 vvb; cst, cs pns12 vmd vvi, cst j n1 vbz j p-acp n1;
or if they could form it, yet it could neither acquire these Revolutions, nor subsist in the present condition, without the Conservation and Providence of a Divine Being.
or if they could from it, yet it could neither acquire these Revolutions, nor subsist in the present condition, without the Conservation and Providence of a Divine Being.
cc cs pns32 vmd vvi pn31, av pn31 vmd av-dx vvi d n2, ccx vvi p-acp dt j n1, p-acp dt n1 cc n1 pp-f dt j-jn vbg.
(1.) For first, if the Matter of the Universe, and consequently the Space through which it's diffused, be supposed to be Finite (and I think it might be demonstrated to be so;
(1.) For First, if the Matter of the Universe, and consequently the Molle through which it's diffused, be supposed to be Finite (and I think it might be demonstrated to be so;
but that we have already exceeded the just measures of a Sermon) then, since every single Particle hath an innate Gravitation toward all others, proportionated by Matter and Distance:
but that we have already exceeded the just measures of a Sermon) then, since every single Particle hath an innate Gravitation towards all Others, proportionated by Matter and Distance:
cc-acp cst pns12 vhb av vvn dt j n2 pp-f dt n1) av, c-acp d j n1 vhz dt j n1 p-acp d n2-jn, j-vvn p-acp n1 cc n1:
it evidently appears, that the outward Atoms of the Chaos would necessarily tend inwards and descend from all quarters toward the Middle of the whole Space (for in respect to every Atom there would lie through the Middle the greatest quantity of Matter and the most vigorous Attraction) and would there form and constitute one huge sphaerical Mass;
it evidently appears, that the outward Atoms of the Chaos would necessarily tend inward and descend from all quarters towards the Middle of the Whole Molle (for in respect to every Atom there would lie through the Middle the greatest quantity of Matter and the most vigorous Attraction) and would there from and constitute one huge spherical Mass;
pn31 av-j vvz, cst dt j n2 pp-f dt n1 vmd av-j vvi av-j cc vvi p-acp d n2 p-acp dt n-jn pp-f dt j-jn n1 (c-acp p-acp n1 p-acp d n1 a-acp vmd vvi p-acp dt j-jn dt js n1 pp-f n1 cc dt av-ds j n1) cc vmd a-acp vvi cc vvi crd j j n1;
yet however they could not possibly acquire such Revolutions in Circular Orbs, or (which is all one to our present purpose) in Ellipses very little Eccentric.
yet however they could not possibly acquire such Revolutions in Circular Orbs, or (which is all one to our present purpose) in Ellipses very little Eccentric.
av c-acp pns32 vmd xx av-j vvi d n2 p-acp j-jn n2, cc (r-crq vbz d pi pc-acp po12 j n1) p-acp n2 av j j.
Or were each formed in the same Orbs, in which they now move? But then they must have moved from the Point of Rest, in an horizontal Line without any inclination or descent.
Or were each formed in the same Orbs, in which they now move? But then they must have moved from the Point of Rest, in an Horizontal Line without any inclination or descent.
cc vbdr d vvn p-acp dt d n2, p-acp r-crq pns32 av vvi? p-acp av pns32 vmb vhi vvn p-acp dt n1 pp-f n1, p-acp dt j n1 p-acp d n1 cc n1.
For Gravity alone must have carried them downwards to the Vicinity of the Sun. And that the ambient Aether is too liquid and empty, to impell them horizontally with that prodigious celerity, we have sufficiently proved before.
For Gravity alone must have carried them downwards to the Vicinity of the Sun. And that the ambient Aether is too liquid and empty, to impel them horizontally with that prodigious celerity, we have sufficiently proved before.
each with its present degree of Velocity, acquired by the fall? But then why did they not continue their descent, till they were contiguous to the Sun;
each with its present degree of Velocity, acquired by the fallen? But then why did they not continue their descent, till they were contiguous to the Sun;
d p-acp po31 j n1 pp-f n1, vvn p-acp dt n1? p-acp av q-crq vdd pns32 xx vvi po32 n1, c-acp pns32 vbdr j p-acp dt n1;
whither both Mutual Attraction and Impetus carried them? What natural Agent could turn them aside, could impell them so strongly with a transverse Side-blow against that tremendous Weight and Rapidity,
whither both Mutual Attraction and Impetus carried them? What natural Agent could turn them aside, could impel them so strongly with a transverse Side-blow against that tremendous Weight and Rapidity,
c-crq d j n1 cc np1 vvd pno32? q-crq j n1 vmd vvi pno32 av, vmd vvi pno32 av av-j p-acp dt j n1 p-acp d j n1 cc n1,
and so they might fetch a compass about it, and then return and ascend by the same steps and degrees of Motion and Velocity, with which they descended before.
and so they might fetch a compass about it, and then return and ascend by the same steps and Degrees of Motion and Velocity, with which they descended before.
cc av pns32 vmd vvi dt n1 p-acp pn31, cc av vvb cc vvi p-acp dt d n2 cc n2 pp-f n1 cc n1, p-acp r-crq pns32 vvd a-acp.
Such an eccentric Motion as this, much after the manner that Comets revolve about the Sun, they might possibly acquire by their innate principle of Gravity:
Such an eccentric Motion as this, much After the manner that Comets revolve about the Sun, they might possibly acquire by their innate principle of Gravity:
but circular Revolutions in concentric Orbs about the Sun or other central Body could in no-wise be attain'd without the power of the Divine Arm. For the Case of the Planetary Motions is this.
but circular Revolutions in concentric Orbs about the Sun or other central Body could in nowise be attained without the power of the Divine Arm. For the Case of the Planetary Motions is this.
and a transverse Impulse of a just quantity in each, projecting them directly in Tangents to those Orbs. The Compound Motion, which arises from this Gravitation and Projection together, describes the present Revolutions of the Primary Planets about the Sun,
and a transverse Impulse of a just quantity in each, projecting them directly in Tangents to those Orbs. The Compound Motion, which arises from this Gravitation and Projection together, describes the present Revolutions of the Primary Planets about the Sun,
cc dt j n1 pp-f dt j n1 p-acp d, vvg pno32 av-j p-acp n2 p-acp d np1 dt vvi n1, r-crq vvz p-acp d n1 cc n1 av, vvz dt j n2 pp-f dt np1 n2 p-acp dt n1,
Now although Gravity could be innate (which we have proved that it cannot be) yet certainly this projected, this transverse and violent Motion can only be ascribed to the Right hand of the most high God, Creator of Heaven and Earth.
Now although Gravity could be innate (which we have proved that it cannot be) yet Certainly this projected, this transverse and violent Motion can only be ascribed to the Right hand of the most high God, Creator of Heaven and Earth.
av cs n1 vmd vbi j (r-crq pns12 vhb vvn cst pn31 vmbx vbi) av av-j d vvn, d j cc j n1 vmb av-j vbi vvn p-acp dt j-jn n1 pp-f dt av-ds j np1, n1 pp-f n1 cc n1.
We have shewed, that there is a Transverse Impulse impress'd upon the Planets, which retains them in their several Orbs, that they be not drawn down by their gravitating Powers toward the Sun or other central Bodies.
We have showed, that there is a Transverse Impulse impressed upon the Planets, which retains them in their several Orbs, that they be not drawn down by their gravitating Powers towards the Sun or other central Bodies.
Gravity we understand to be a constant Energy or Faculty (which God hath infused into Matter) perpetually acting by certain Measures and (naturally) inviolable Laws;
Gravity we understand to be a constant Energy or Faculty (which God hath infused into Matter) perpetually acting by certain Measures and (naturally) inviolable Laws;
which (by reason of the Inactivity of Matter and its inability to change its present State either of Moving or Resting) would from one single Impulse continue for ever equal and uniform,
which (by reason of the Inactivity of Matter and its inability to change its present State either of Moving or Resting) would from one single Impulse continue for ever equal and uniform,
q-crq (p-acp n1 pp-f dt n1 pp-f n1 cc po31 n1 pc-acp vvi po31 j n1 av-d pp-f j-vvg cc j-vvg) vmd p-acp crd j n1 vvi p-acp av j-jn cc j,
so that the Planets, since they move Horizontally (whereby Gravity doth not affect their swiftness) and through the liquid and unresisting Spaces of the Heavens (where either no Bodies at all or inconsiderable ones do occur) may preserve the same Velocity which the first Impulse imprest upon them, not only for five or six thousand years, but many Millions of Millions.
so that the Planets, since they move Horizontally (whereby Gravity does not affect their swiftness) and through the liquid and unresisting Spaces of the Heavens (where either no Bodies At all or inconsiderable ones do occur) may preserve the same Velocity which the First Impulse impressed upon them, not only for five or six thousand Years, but many Millions of Millions.
av cst dt n2, c-acp pns32 vvb av-j (c-crq n1 vdz xx vvi po32 n1) cc p-acp dt j-jn cc j-vvg-u n2 pp-f dt n2 (c-crq av-d dx n2 p-acp d cc j pi2 vdb vvi) vmb vvi dt d n1 r-crq dt ord n1 vvn p-acp pno32, xx av-j p-acp crd cc crd crd n2, cc-acp d crd pp-f crd.
It appears then, that if there was but One Vast Sun in the Universe, and all the rest were Planets, revolving around him in Concentric Orbs, at convenient Distances:
It appears then, that if there was but One Vast Sun in the Universe, and all the rest were Planets, revolving around him in Concentric Orbs, At convenient Distances:
and yet they are neither revolved about a common Center, nor have any Transverse Impulse nor any thing else to restrain them from approaching toward each other,
and yet they Are neither revolved about a Common Centre, nor have any Transverse Impulse nor any thing Else to restrain them from approaching towards each other,
cc av pns32 vbr av-d vvn p-acp dt j n1, ccx vhb d j n1 ccx d n1 av pc-acp vvi pno32 p-acp vvg p-acp d n-jn,
Now what Natural Cause can overcome Nature it self? What is it that holds and keeps them in fixed Stations and Intervals against an incessant and inherent Tendency to desert them? Nothing could hinder,
Now what Natural Cause can overcome Nature it self? What is it that holds and keeps them in fixed Stations and Intervals against an incessant and inherent Tendency to desert them? Nothing could hinder,
av q-crq j n1 vmb vvi n1 pn31 n1? q-crq vbz pn31 cst vvz cc vvz pno32 p-acp j-vvn n2 cc n2 p-acp dt j cc j n1 pc-acp vvi pno32? np1 vmd vvi,
but that the Outward Starrs with their Systems of Planets must necessarily have descended toward the middlemost System of the Universe, whither all would be the most strongly attracted from all parts of a Finite Space.
but that the Outward Stars with their Systems of Planets must necessarily have descended towards the middlemost System of the Universe, whither all would be the most strongly attracted from all parts of a Finite Molle.
It is evident therefore that the present Frame of Sun and Fixt Starrs could not possibly subsist without the Providence of that almighty Deity, who spake the word and they were made, who commanded and they were created;
It is evident Therefore that the present Frame of Sun and Fixed Stars could not possibly subsist without the Providence of that almighty Deity, who spoke the word and they were made, who commanded and they were created;
pn31 vbz j av cst dt j n1 pp-f n1 cc j-vvn n2 vmd xx av-j vvi p-acp dt n1 pp-f d j-jn n1, r-crq vvd dt n1 cc pns32 vbdr vvn, r-crq vvd cc pns32 vbdr vvn;
(2.) And secondly in the Supposition of an infinite Chaos, 'tis hard indeed to determin, what would follow in this imaginary Case from an innate Principle of Gravity.
(2.) And secondly in the Supposition of an infinite Chaos, it's hard indeed to determine, what would follow in this imaginary Case from an innate Principle of Gravity.
(crd) cc ord p-acp dt n1 pp-f dt j n1, pn31|vbz j av pc-acp vvi, q-crq vmd vvi p-acp d j n1 p-acp dt j n1 pp-f n1.
But to hasten to a conclusion, we will grant for the present, that the diffused Matter might convene into an infinite Number of great Masses at great distances from one another,
But to hasten to a conclusion, we will grant for the present, that the diffused Matter might convene into an infinite Number of great Masses At great distances from one Another,
But then it is impossible, that the Planets should naturally attain these circular Revolutions, either by intrinsec Gravitation or the impulse of ambient Bodies.
But then it is impossible, that the Planets should naturally attain these circular Revolutions, either by intrinsec Gravitation or the impulse of ambient Bodies.
p-acp av pn31 vbz j, cst dt n2 vmd av-j vvi d j-jn n2, av-d p-acp fw-la n1 cc dt n1 pp-f j n2.
And though we should concede, that these Revolutions might be acquired, and that all were settled and constituted in the present State and Posture of Things;
And though we should concede, that these Revolutions might be acquired, and that all were settled and constituted in the present State and Posture of Things;
cc cs pns12 vmd fw-it, cst d n2 vmd vbi vvn, cc cst d vbdr vvn cc vvn p-acp dt j n1 cc n1 pp-f n2;
yet, we say, the continuance of this Frame and Order for so long a duration as the known ages of the World must necessarily infer the Existence of God.
yet, we say, the Continuance of this Frame and Order for so long a duration as the known ages of the World must necessarily infer the Existence of God.
av, pns12 vvb, dt n1 pp-f d n1 cc n1 p-acp av j dt n1 p-acp dt j-vvn n2 pp-f dt n1 vmb av-j vvi dt n1 pp-f np1.
That unless the very mathematical Center of Gravity of every System be placed and fixed in the very mathematical Center of the Attractive Power of all the rest;
That unless the very mathematical Centre of Gravity of every System be placed and fixed in the very mathematical Centre of the Attractive Power of all the rest;
cst cs dt j j n1 pp-f n1 pp-f d np1 vbi vvn cc vvn p-acp dt j j n1 pp-f dt j n1 pp-f d dt n1;
they cannot be evenly attracted on all sides, but must preponderate some way or other. Now he that considers, what a mathematical Center is, and that Quantity is infinitly divisible;
they cannot be evenly attracted on all sides, but must preponderate Some Way or other. Now he that considers, what a mathematical Centre is, and that Quantity is infinitely divisible;
pns32 vmbx vbi av-j vvd p-acp d n2, cc-acp vmb vvi d n1 cc n-jn. av pns31 cst vvz, r-crq dt j n1 vbz, cc d n1 vbz av-j j;
will never be persuaded, that such an Universal Equilibrium arising from the coincidence of Infinite Centers can naturally be acquired or maintain'd. If they say;
will never be persuaded, that such an Universal Equilibrium arising from the coincidence of Infinite Centers can naturally be acquired or maintained. If they say;
so that they would not revolve in curve Lines, but fly away in direct Tangents, till they struck against other Planets or Starrs in some remote regions of the Infinite Space.
so that they would not revolve in curve Lines, but fly away in Direct Tangents, till they struck against other Planets or Stars in Some remote regions of the Infinite Molle.
av cst pns32 vmd xx vvi p-acp n1 n2, cc-acp vvb av p-acp j n2, c-acp pns32 vvd p-acp j-jn n2 cc n2 p-acp d j n2 pp-f dt j n1.
And now, O thou almighty and eternal Creator, having consider'd the Heavens the work of thy fingers, the Moon and the Starrs which thou hast ordained, with all the company of Heaven we laud and magnify thy glorious Name, evermore praising thee and saying;
And now, Oh thou almighty and Eternal Creator, having considered the Heavens the work of thy fingers, the Moon and the Stars which thou hast ordained, with all the company of Heaven we laud and magnify thy glorious Name, evermore praising thee and saying;
cc av, uh pns21 j-jn cc j n1, vhg vvn dt n2 dt n1 pp-f po21 n2, dt n1 cc dt n2 r-crq pns21 vh2 vvn, p-acp d dt n1 pp-f n1 pns12 vvb cc vvi po21 j n1, av vvg pno21 cc n1;
