Levison, Richard

Number of relevant publications in EEBO-TCP: 1
Navigate to the catalog to search for the relevant publications associated with this this referencing entity.



Textual Features and Statistics

Nota Bene: QP stands for "quotation/paraphrase." A "unit" stands for a segment produced by EEPS' segmentation unit or an individual marginal note. Adjacent references are those that are located in the same or adjacent segment or note. Chapter-level citations are relevant if the chapter matches that of the query. For book-level queries, all references to the same Bible book are relevant. A "Latin Bible QP" is a quotation or paraphrase of any verse from a Bible that follows the Latin Vulgate tradition: the Vulgate, Douay-Rheims Version, the ODRV, and Wycliffe's version.
Feature Description In-Text Marginal
cited Percentage of units with QP and an adjacent citation 11.2% 30.0%
cited_exact Percentage of units with QP and an adjacent matching citation 5.3% 10.0%
originality Percentage of units that do not exhibit scriptural text reuse 79.0% 70.0%
Foreign Percentage of units with foreign text 10.4% 30.0%
Italicization Percentage of units with italicized spans of text 18.0% 30.0%
sim_score Average cosine similarity score of top Bible verse predictions per unit 0.8% 0.9%
cross_score Average cross encoder score of top Bible verse predictions per unit 0.8% 1.0%
near_quotations Percentage of units that have high lexical similarity with their Bible verse predictions (any type of score greater than the mean + standard deviation of that score type) 7.7% 30.0%
foreign_cited Percentage of units with QP, foreign text, and an adjacent citation 6.2% 30.0%
foreign_cited_exact Percentage of units with QP, foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 3.0% 10.0%
foreign_italicized Percentage of units with QP and foreign italicized text 10.1% -inf%
foreign_italicized_cited Percentage of units with QP, italicized foreign text, and an adjacent citation 5.9% -inf%
foreign_italicized_cited_exact Percentage of units with QP, italicized foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 3.0% -inf%
foreign_latin Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP and foreign text 8.6% 30.0%
foreign_latin_cited Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, foreign text, and an adjacent citation 5.3% 30.0%
foreign_latin_cited_exact Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, foreign text, and an adjacent matching citation 2.7% 10.0%
foreign_latin_italicized Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP and italicized foreign text 8.3% -inf%
foreign_latin_italicized_cited Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, an adjacent citation, and italicized foreign text 5.0% -inf%
foreign_latin_italicized_cited_exact Percentage of units with Latin Bible QP, an adjacent matching citation, and italicized foreign text 2.7% -inf%



Quotations and Paraphrases

Rather than examine the frequency or proportion of references, it is far more useful to determine which references are most prominent for a citing entity. The visualizations below show the most prominent scriptural references within all publications per year. Prominence, displayed as the value below each label, is measured using the metric of Outgoing Relative Citational Prominence (ORCP) proposed by Wahle et al. (2023). In this case, a positive prominence value for a reference R in a given year means that R constitutes a greater percentage of all the references cited by publications in that year than the average citation percentage of R per year. A negative value indicates that a given reference constitutes a proportion lesser than average. A value of negative infinity means that the query reference does not occur in the citation or QP of a citing entity. A value of "%" (without any numeral value) means that there are no citations or QP corresponding to the query reference.

For quotational prominence, only the predictions with the highest cosine similarity scores for each subsegmented or whole unit of a segment or note are included for consideration. The average quotational prominence for a citing entity is the mean of the prominence percentage points for all references R_ALL that are relevant to the query reference such that each reference R in R_ALL has the highest cosine similarity score with a part or the whole of its covering body segment or marginal note. The percentages of top predictions from each Bible version are displayed in a table below.

For citational prominence, only pluasible scriptural citations and ones where the original phrase does not begin with a lowercase word are included for consideration. A scriptural citation is plausible if its numbering exists in any of the Bibles considered by this project. There are over 76 thousand such excluded candidates out of 1.2 million parsed citational units in total. Each of the four side-by-side tables below also have associated diversity and evenness scores; Simpson's Diversity Index ranges from 0 to 1 such that a higher score indicates a greater species diversity. Likewise, the Shannon Index indicates more evenness in the distribution of individuals in a group when its value approaches 1.


Diversity: 0.898
Evenness: 0.964
Part Prominence
New Testament (Vulgate) 14.572
Apocrypha (Douay-Rheims) 9.18
Apocrypha (Vulgate) 6.064
Old Testament (Vulgate) 4.315
Old Testament (ODRV) 0.159
Old Testament (Douay-Rheims) -1.478
Old Testament (Geneva) -2.536
New Testament (Tyndale) -2.864
New Testament (ODRV) -3.807
New Testament (Geneva) -3.866
Old Testament (AKJV) -4.175
New Testament (AKJV) -4.918
Diversity: 0.972
Evenness: 0.984
Book Prominence
John (Vulgate) 5.982
John (Geneva) 5.427
Ecclesiasticus (Douay-Rheims) 3.472
Luke (ODRV) 3.273
Canticles (Vulgate) 2.07
Job (Vulgate) 2.029
Isaiah (Vulgate) 2.013
Ecclesiasticus (Vulgate) 2.012
Philippians (Vulgate) 1.978
Ephesians (Vulgate) 1.962
Luke (Vulgate) 1.938
2 Thessalonians (Geneva) 1.884
Mark (ODRV) 1.857
3 Kings (Douay-Rheims) 1.845
2 Timothy (ODRV) 1.809
Matthew (Vulgate) 1.762
Ezekiel (Douay-Rheims) 1.752
Ezekiel (AKJV) 1.692
Jeremiah (Geneva) 1.624
Jeremiah (Douay-Rheims) 1.606
Revelation (Geneva) 1.542
Job (Douay-Rheims) 1.446
Acts (ODRV) 1.43
2 Corinthians (ODRV) 1.364
Proverbs (Douay-Rheims) 1.358
Philippians (AKJV) 1.353
Luke (Tyndale) 1.316
Philippians (ODRV) 1.302
Ephesians (Geneva) 1.299
Isaiah (Douay-Rheims) 1.276
John (Tyndale) 1.247
Luke (Geneva) 1.234
Job (AKJV) 1.169
John (ODRV) 1.083
John (AKJV) 1.047
Matthew (Geneva) 1.042
Luke (AKJV) 1.002
Psalms (ODRV) 0.984
Isaiah (AKJV) 0.982
Proverbs (AKJV) 0.922
Matthew (ODRV) 0.8
Psalms (Geneva) 0.573
Diversity: 0.983
Evenness: 0.989
Chapter Prominence
John 8 (Vulgate) 4.098
John 8 (Geneva) 4.059
John 11 (Vulgate) 2.722
Ecclesiasticus 5 (Douay-Rheims) 2.716
Luke 7 (ODRV) 2.701
Ecclesiasticus 5 (Vulgate) 1.369
Isaiah 28 (Vulgate) 1.369
Canticles 3 (Vulgate) 1.369
Job 24 (Vulgate) 1.369
Job 21 (Vulgate) 1.368
Matthew 3 (Vulgate) 1.368
Isaiah 53 (Vulgate) 1.367
John 12 (Vulgate) 1.366
Ezekiel 23 (AKJV) 1.365
Luke 23 (Vulgate) 1.365
3 Kings 17 (Douay-Rheims) 1.364
Matthew 19 (Vulgate) 1.363
John 15 (Vulgate) 1.363
Jeremiah 29 (Geneva) 1.362
Mark 13 (ODRV) 1.36
Philippians 3 (Vulgate) 1.36
John 3 (Vulgate) 1.354
Isaiah 28 (Douay-Rheims) 1.353
Jeremiah 2 (Douay-Rheims) 1.348
Revelation 1 (Geneva) 1.348
John 18 (Tyndale) 1.347
Matthew 21 (Geneva) 1.346
Job 36 (AKJV) 1.346
Acts 24 (ODRV) 1.344
Job 21 (Douay-Rheims) 1.34
Ephesians 4 (Vulgate) 1.336
Luke 24 (Geneva) 1.336
Ezekiel 18 (Douay-Rheims) 1.334
Psalms 94 (ODRV) 1.333
John 9 (Geneva) 1.331
Isaiah 28 (AKJV) 1.331
Proverbs 1 (Douay-Rheims) 1.33
2 Thessalonians 3 (Geneva) 1.329
John 9 (ODRV) 1.328
Luke 2 (ODRV) 1.327
Luke 21 (ODRV) 1.325
Isaiah 55 (Douay-Rheims) 1.324
John 15 (ODRV) 1.323
Psalms 145 (Geneva) 1.322
Luke 19 (Tyndale) 1.321
Luke 6 (ODRV) 1.318
Matthew 3 (ODRV) 1.318
John 7 (ODRV) 1.317
John 12 (ODRV) 1.31
John 11 (AKJV) 1.306
Luke 19 (ODRV) 1.303
2 Corinthians 6 (ODRV) 1.299
Luke 23 (ODRV) 1.297
John 11 (ODRV) 1.297
Proverbs 4 (AKJV) 1.297
2 Timothy 3 (ODRV) 1.296
Matthew 26 (ODRV) 1.292
John 10 (ODRV) 1.286
Luke 16 (AKJV) 1.286
John 8 (ODRV) 1.282
Matthew 16 (ODRV) 1.267
Matthew 25 (ODRV) 1.264
Philippians 3 (AKJV) 1.223
Philippians 3 (ODRV) 1.21
Philippians 2 (ODRV) 1.179
Ephesians 4 (Geneva) 1.136
Diversity: 0.985
Evenness: 0.99
Verse Prominence
John 8.46 (Vulgate) 3.569
John 8.46 (Geneva) 3.568
John 11.43 (Vulgate) 2.379
Luke 7.48 (ODRV) 2.37
Ecclesiasticus 5.8 (Douay-Rheims) 2.369
John 8.24 (ODRV) 2.367
Job 21.13 (Vulgate) 1.19
John 8.21 (ODRV) 1.19
Job 21.14 (Vulgate) 1.19
Matthew 21.11 (Geneva) 1.19
3 Kings 17.10 (Douay-Rheims) 1.19
John 9.24 (ODRV) 1.19
John 9.24 (Geneva) 1.19
Ecclesiasticus 5.4 (Vulgate) 1.19
Mark 13.33 (ODRV) 1.19
Philippians 3.19 (Vulgate) 1.19
Ezekiel 23.26 (AKJV) 1.19
Isaiah 28.15 (Vulgate) 1.19
Luke 2.29 (ODRV) 1.19
Luke 2.30 (ODRV) 1.19
John 8.21 (Vulgate) 1.19
Jeremiah 29.13 (Geneva) 1.19
Canticles 3.1 (Vulgate) 1.19
Matthew 3.8 (Vulgate) 1.19
Job 24.13 (Vulgate) 1.19
Luke 24.2 (Geneva) 1.19
Proverbs 1.28 (Douay-Rheims) 1.19
John 12.36 (Vulgate) 1.19
Isaiah 53.5 (Vulgate) 1.19
John 18.21 (Tyndale) 1.189
John 15.22 (ODRV) 1.189
Matthew 26.66 (ODRV) 1.189
Jeremiah 2.12 (Douay-Rheims) 1.189
Isaiah 28.18 (Douay-Rheims) 1.189
Isaiah 28.18 (AKJV) 1.189
Matthew 3.8 (ODRV) 1.189
John 11.43 (AKJV) 1.189
Proverbs 1.25 (Douay-Rheims) 1.189
Proverbs 1.27 (Douay-Rheims) 1.189
John 3.16 (Vulgate) 1.189
Matthew 19.14 (Vulgate) 1.188
John 15.22 (Vulgate) 1.188
Luke 21.27 (ODRV) 1.188
Luke 6.24 (ODRV) 1.188
Luke 16.25 (AKJV) 1.188
John 12.36 (ODRV) 1.188
Job 36.11 (AKJV) 1.188
John 11.43 (ODRV) 1.188
Matthew 25.13 (ODRV) 1.187
Job 21.14 (Douay-Rheims) 1.187
John 10.31 (ODRV) 1.187
2 Timothy 3.5 (ODRV) 1.187
Luke 23.42 (ODRV) 1.187
Luke 23.43 (Vulgate) 1.187
Proverbs 1.26 (Douay-Rheims) 1.187
Ecclesiasticus 5.9 (Douay-Rheims) 1.186
Acts 24.25 (ODRV) 1.185
Job 21.13 (Douay-Rheims) 1.185
Proverbs 4.27 (AKJV) 1.185
Luke 19.14 (Tyndale) 1.183
Revelation 1.18 (Geneva) 1.183
Ezekiel 18.23 (Douay-Rheims) 1.183
Luke 19.14 (ODRV) 1.182
John 7.46 (ODRV) 1.181
2 Corinthians 6.2 (ODRV) 1.18
Isaiah 55.6 (Douay-Rheims) 1.177
John 9.4 (ODRV) 1.177
2 Thessalonians 3.16 (Geneva) 1.177
Philippians 3.19 (ODRV) 1.176
Ephesians 4.5 (Vulgate) 1.176
Psalms 145.9 (Geneva) 1.175
Psalms 94.8 (ODRV) 1.171
Philippians 3.19 (AKJV) 1.167
Ephesians 4.5 (Geneva) 1.167
Matthew 16.26 (ODRV) 1.155
Philippians 2.8 (ODRV) 1.089
Segment No., Location Verse & Version Verse Text Text Is a Partial Textual Segment/Note Adjacent References Cosine Similarity Score Cross Encoder Score Okapi BM25 Score



Citations
i
The index of citation indicates its position within the text of the segment or a particular note of the segment. For example, if 'Note 0' (i.e., the first note) of this segment has three citations, the citation with index 0 is its first citation, inclusive of all its parsed components.

Diversity: 0.5
Evenness: 1.0
Part Prominence
Old Testament 3.891
New Testament 3.534
Diversity: 0.929
Evenness: 1.0
Book Prominence
Apocalypse 6.599
Canticles 6.357
Philippians 5.318
Ecclesiastes 5.317
Jeremiah 5.036
Exodus 5.031
Job 4.896
Proverbs 4.451
Luke 4.269
Acts 4.24
John 4.18
Isaiah 3.962
Matthew 3.414
Psalms 2.937
Diversity: 0.963
Evenness: 1.0
Chapter Prominence
Apocalypse 1 3.674
Jeremiah 11 3.673
Job 16 3.669
Canticles 3 3.667
Exodus 8 3.655
Job 21 3.618
Luke 3 3.617
Psalms 12 3.613
Job 3 3.607
Ecclesiastes 5 3.598
Acts 24 3.593
Luke 6 3.582
Luke 7 3.582
Proverbs 1 3.575
John 7 3.569
Isaiah 28 3.561
John 9 3.558
Isaiah 53 3.527
Luke 19 3.504
John 15 3.501
Matthew 19 3.494
Matthew 21 3.493
John 8 3.489
Luke 2 3.477
Luke 16 3.42
Matthew 26 3.368
Philippians 3 3.308
Diversity: 0.96
Evenness: 1.0
Verse Prominence
Matthew 21.37 3.998
Matthew 21.11 3.998
Luke 19.15 3.998
Matthew 26.66 3.998
John 7.47 3.997
John 9.24 3.997
John 8.59 3.997
Apocalypse 1.18 3.997
Luke 7.14 3.996
John 8.21 3.995
Matthew 19.14 3.994
Ecclesiastes 5.4 3.994
Luke 19.44 3.994
Luke 6.24 3.993
Luke 3.9 3.993
John 8.47 3.992
Exodus 8.9 3.992
Psalms 12.5 3.988
John 15.22 3.987
Isaiah 28.15 3.985
Job 21.14 3.984
Acts 24.25 3.98
Isaiah 53.5 3.977
Luke 16.25 3.971
Philippians 3.19 3.965
Segment No., Location Possible Citation Adjacent References Phrase